What is chrysanthemum extract?
Chrysanthemum extract is extracted from the dried flower heads of chrysanthemums of the Compositae family. The main active ingredients are flavonoids and phenolic compounds. It has various physiological activities such as dilating coronary arteries, lowering blood pressure, preventing hyperlipidemia, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging. Soybean isoflavones among flavonoids can significantly promote animal growth, improve animal reproductive capacity, promote lactation, enhance body immunity, reduce feed costs, have no residue and no pollution, and are safe and efficient green feed additives in the feed industry. There are great development prospects. Polyphenols have been widely used in the fields of medicine, food, tanning and daily chemicals, and play an irreplaceable role.
Pharmacological effects of chrysanthemum extract
1. Effect on cardiovascular system
Chrysanthemum extract can increase the myocardial uptake of cesium 181 in dogs with myocardial infarction and coronary artery insufficiency, and has a significant effect on reducing the scope of the lesion and reducing the degree of the lesion. It can improve the ST segment depression of ischemic electrocardiogram caused by electrical stimulation of the brain center of rabbits. Chrysanthemum decoction or water-extracted and alcohol-precipitated preparations can significantly dilate the coronary arteries and increase coronary flow by perfusing the isolated rabbit hearts and canine hearts with experimental coronary atherosclerosis, and slow down the heart rate and myocardium. Contractility and oxygen consumption increase. After administration of propranolol, the chrysanthemum preparation increased coronary flow more significantly. Chrysanthemum can increase the tolerance of mice to decompression and hypoxia. Chrysanthemum can prevent and treat arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Chrysanthemum glycosides have the effect of lowering blood pressure.
2. Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects
Chrysanthemum extract or extract has an antipyretic effect on experimental hyperthermic rabbits and has a sedative effect on the central nervous system. Its antipyretic effect is related to the inhibition of the latter. Intraperitoneal injection of chrysanthemum extract into mice can enhance capillary resistance, inhibit vascular permeability, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
3. Anti-aging effect
Chrysanthemum can significantly extend the life span of silkworms and enhance the reduction of glutathione peroxidation. Chrysanthemum extract can improve the ability of the heart and brain of mice to withstand hypoxia and prolong survival time.
4. Anti-tumor effect
Dandelion triterpene type 3-hydroxytriterpenes isolated from chrysanthemums have a significant inhibitory effect on mouse skin tumors caused by 12-O-tetradecanoyl euphorbiol-13-ester.
5. Anti-mutagenic effect
Chrysanthemum has a significant inhibitory effect on the PCE micronucleus rate of mouse bone marrow mutated by cyclophosphamide. The plate incorporation experiment also confirmed that chrysanthemum has a significant inhibitory effect on the reverse mutation of TA98 or TAl00 strains induced by 2-aminofluorene. . Studies have also reported that chrysanthemum flavonoids have an inhibitory effect on aflatoxin B1 and other substances that affect liver metabolic enzymes and gene mutations caused by radiation.
6. Anti-fatigue
High doses of chrysanthemum extract can prolong the survival time of mice, but this result is not seen at medium and low doses. Chrysanthemum extract can improve the ability of experimental mice to resist fatigue. After taking chrysanthemum extract for a period of time, tissue oxygen consumption decreases, and the resistance to non-specific factors can be improved to a certain extent. This may be mainly related to its elimination of superoxide anion free radicals and improvement of exercise tolerance. Its more detailed mechanism of action requires more in-depth research.
7. Effect on cholesterol metabolism
Chrysanthemum decoction can inhibit the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase in rat liver microsomes, activate cholesterol 7-2-hydroxylase, and accelerate cholesterol metabolism. Chrysanthemum extract has a significant improvement effect on the increase in serum cholesterol in rats. For rats in the normal basal feed group, chrysanthemum extract can keep total serum cholesterol basically unchanged, while increasing the protective HDL concentration and reducing harmful effects. The LDL concentration has the effect of inhibiting the increase in blood cholesterol and triglycerides under the condition of high-fat diet.
8. Blood pressure lowering effect
The inulin in chrysanthemum has a good blood pressure lowering effect and is often used clinically in combination with other drugs to treat high blood pressure. Studies have shown that the total flavonoid extract of chrysanthemum has a significant antihypertensive effect on rats, and the monomer apigenin-7-glucoside has a certain antihypertensive tendency.
9. Antioxidant effect
Chrysanthemum water extract has the effect of inhibiting the generation of free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals. Chrysanthemum flavonoids have the ability to scavenge free radicals and superoxide anions, and their antioxidant activity is related to the flavonoid content.
10. Anti-pathogenic microorganism effect
Chrysanthemum water decoction or water infusion is effective in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, β-hemolytic Streptococcus (plate method), Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Typhi, Paratyphoid, Vibrio cholerae, Nine types of skin fungi, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (plate digging method), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (test tube dilution method), and Trichophyton violaris, all have inhibitory effects. High concentrations also have anti-influenza virus (PR8 strain) and anti-leptospira effects in vitro. The volatile oil of the whole plant also has a certain inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, etc.
11.Immune regulation
Chrysanthemum polysaccharide and chlorogenic acid can stimulate intestinal lymphocytes to secrete TNF-α and INF-γ, improve cellular immunity, and thus exert an immunoregulatory effect.
12.Analgesic effect
Xiaotongling injection composed of chrysanthemum as the main drug has obvious analgesic effects on guinea pigs' dental pulp electrical stimulation or intraperitoneal injection, and also has obvious inhibitory effects on carrageenan-induced foot swelling in rats. The therapeutic effect of this product on intractable pain such as trigeminal neuralgia is related to its strong analgesic and swelling effects.
Extraction method of chrysanthemum extract
The extraction techniques of total flavonoids in chrysanthemum include water extraction, alcohol extraction, ultrasonic extraction and enzyme extraction. Currently, the most studied ones are ultrasonic and enzymatic hydrolysis.
Extraction method of chrysanthemum polysaccharide: dry the chrysanthemum buds, crush them, and pass through a No. 4 sieve. The pretreated dried chrysanthemum powder is degreased with 95% ethanol, and then the degreased medicinal powder is added to a certain amount of water for ultrasonic treatment, extracted several times, and the filtrate is combined and concentrated, followed by protein removal, alcohol precipitation, suction filtration, and filtration. After the cake is washed with absolute ethanol and ether in sequence, it is vacuum dried to obtain the chrysanthemum crude polysaccharide.
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