Introduction
Melatonin is an indispensable natural hormone for the human body. It controls and affects the secretion of other different hormones. When melatonin in the body is reduced, various functions of the human body will be affected, and various diseases will follow. Research shows that the secretion of melatonin in the human body begins to decrease after middle age, and in old age, the amount of melatonin secreted is negligible. Taking enough melatonin as early as possible can improve the function of the endocrine system, improve immunity, improve anti-stress and antioxidant functions, improve sleep, slow down the aging rate of the human body, and slow down the degeneration of sexual organs; melatonin especially helpful for habitual insomnia.
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland:
Pinealin, also known as melatonin, is a hormone secreted by pineal cells. Its chemical structure is 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine. The physiological effects are to inhibit the functions of gonads, thyroid, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands and pituitary glands, inhibit precocious puberty in children, and reduce the secretion of melanin-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland; it also has central nervous system effects, which can increase the convulsion threshold and cause drowsiness. When the pineal gland is removed, the experimental animals show hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the aforementioned glands and an increase in weight. Especially in immature rats, the gonads and sexual organs mature prematurely. The secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland increases, and the secretion of thyroid and adrenocortical hormones increases. Pineal gland also has the effect of reducing pituitary MSH and whitening the skin. This hormone acts on the central nervous system, showing a slow rhythm on human EEG, increasing the convulsion threshold and causing drowsiness, but does not affect their behavior and personality. It can reduce the symptoms of motor neuropathy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Electrical diagram changes.
Introduction to the pineal gland
Pineal Gland The pineal gland is shaped like a pine cone, approximately 7mm long, 5mm wide, 4mm thick, and weighs 140 to 200mg. It is located on the superior colliculus of the midbrain, with the great cerebral vein behind it and the posterior part of the corpus callosum covering it. It originates from the ependyma at the top of the third ventricle of the embryo and protrudes upward to form it. Most of it is wrapped by the pia mater, and the connective tissue of the pia mater stretches inward to divide the pineal gland into irregular lobules. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion accompany blood vessels into the pineal gland. The pineal gland is composed of a large number of pineal cells and a small amount of glial cells. The pineal cells are polygonal, long cylindrical or oval in shape, with cell processes of varying lengths. The cytoplasm is basophilic and often contains lipids. Drops, large nuclei, irregular Chemicalbook sunken or lobulated shape, with nucleoli. Under the electron microscope, the cytoplasm can be seen to have a well-developed Golgi complex, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, lysosomes, and a large number of microtubules and secretory granule vesicles. The latter also appears in cell processes and vesicles. Contains norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and pineal gland, also known as melatonin, etc. Glial cells also have protrusions and oval nuclei, and the nuclei and cytoplasm are deeply stained. Under the electron microscope, there are also rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. They are rich in microfilaments and can be compared with pineal cells. the difference. There is also a large amount of solidified matter in the pineal body, containing hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate apatite, which often form into small mulberry-shaped pieces, called brain sand, and their size and quantity increase with age.
The physiological role of the pineal gland
① Effect on the brain: Melatonin absorbed by the brain is concentrated in the midbrain and hypothalamus. It enhances the activity of brain pyridoxal kinase, thereby promoting the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form γ-aminobutyric acid and the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan. The increased content of 5-hydroxytryptamine, two inhibitory neurotransmitters, regulates and calms the central nervous system.
② Effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland: In addition to AVT, the polypeptide substances produced by the pineal gland also include thyroid stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH), which are the same as those produced by the hypothalamus. Melatonin injection can reduce gonadotropins (GnH) (FSH, LH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), while increasing growth hormone (GH). Removal of the pineal gland causes pituitary hypertrophy, increases the secretion of GnH (FSH, LH) and ACTH from the pituitary gland, while decreases prolactin (PRL) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
③Relationship with gonads: Pineal gland has an inhibitory effect on the Chemicalbook reproductive system. Clinically, pineal chief cell tumors can cause delayed puberty, and pineal teratomas can be complicated by precocious puberty due to the crowding out of chief cells. Environmental light and sympathetic nerves can affect the function of the reproductive system by controlling the synthesis and release of melatonin in the pineal gland.
④Relationship with thyroid: Administration of melatonin reduces thyroid hormone secretion, possibly by inhibiting hypothalamic TRH release and pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion, thereby inhibiting thyroid function.
⑤Relationship with the adrenal cortex: Melatonin has a strong inhibitory effect on the adrenal cortex. When healthy people are injected with pineal gland extract, their aldosterone secretion decreases and the excretion of 17-ketosteroids decreases.
⑥Relationship with pancreatic islets: Pineal gland can reduce blood sugar and increase glucose tolerance. To sum up, the pineal gland can assist the pituitary gland in jointly regulating endocrine functions. It plays an important role in maintaining a relatively constant internal environment and controlling certain endocrine functions, especially the gonads.
use:
Used in medicine and health care products, it can enhance the body's immune function, prevent aging and restore youth, and is a natural "sleeping pill". Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal body of the pituitary gland in the body. The amount of this hormone secreted is related to the light. The weaker the light, the more it is secreted. On the contrary, the less it is, it helps sleep.
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. Melatonin is highly conserved, a non-receptor free radical scavenger and broad-spectrum antioxidant. Melatonin helps prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver, brain, heart muscle, intestines, and kidneys. Melatonin can be widely used in health foods, medicines, various cosmetics, and nourishing care products.
function:
1. Melatonin, freckle removal, natural whitening: Melatonin can whiten the skin. It can regulate human endocrine, remove dark spots, age spots, chloasma, pregnancy spots and pigmentation caused by sun radiation, whiten and moisturize the skin, and restore youthful appearance.
2. Effectively improve sleep: Appropriate supplementation of melatonin can effectively improve sleep quality.
3. Prolonging life: Melatonin is the most important high-efficiency endogenous antioxidant in the brain and has a protective effect on the brain. Therefore, melatonin is an important anti-aging hormone.
4. Maintain and enhance sexual function: Supplementing melatonin can improve the sexual function of middle-aged and elderly people who suffer from physical weakness and decreased energy, leading to loss of sexual desire.
Production method
Melatonin exists in the pineal gland of the mammalian brain. The general method is to freeze-dry the pineal gland of the cow's brain, grind it into powder, remove the fat with petroleum ether, and mix it with deionized water to form a slurry. , after centrifugal separation, take the supernatant and extract with an equal volume of ethyl acetate. The extract is vacuum dried to obtain crude white melatonin, which is then recrystallized to obtain the fine product.
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