CAS NO：6556-12-3
Molecular formula：C6H10O7
Molecular weight：194.14
Glucuronic acid, also known as glucuronic acid, is a glucuronic acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 hydroxyl group of glucose to a carboxyl group. D-glucuronic acid does not generally exist in its free form, as this form is unstable, but in the more stable 3, 6-lactone form of the furan ring. D-glucopyranuronic acid is present in oligosaccharides at the junctions of glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as in heparin and chondroitin.
glucuronic acid The source of glucuronic acid in the body is D-glucose. The latter is metabolized into α-D-glucose-1-phosphate, which is catalyzed by CUDPG pyrophosphorylase to UDP-α-D-glucose (UDPG), and then catalyzed by UDPG dehydrogenase to UDP-α-d-glucuronic acid (UDPGA). The latter, by the action of glucuronyl transferase, transfers the glucuronyl group to foreign chemicals for binding, which is the most common and important reaction of the second phase due to the abundance of glucose stores in the body.
D-glucuronic acid appears in the form of phenol and steroid ligand (D-glucuronide) in urine, in the form of mucopolysaccharides in animals, and in the form of acacia, hemicellulose and saponin in plants. In addition, it often appears as a polysaccharide secreted by bacteria. Inside the cell. By the action of NAD+ specific dehydrogenase, UDP glucuronic acid is generated from UDP-glucose, which becomes the donor of glucuronic acid residues of ligands and polysaccharides. On the other hand, glucuronidase (β-glucuronidase), which is related to glucuronic acid and hydrolyzes the glucuronide bond, is also widely distributed. In bacteria, there is also a pathway from 6-phosphate glucose to inositol to form free glucuronic acid. Most plants and animals have enzymes that reduce free D-glucuronic acid to L-gulonicacid, which is the synthesis pathway of vitamin C.
D-Glucopyranuronic Acid (D-Glucopyranuronic Acid) is a key intermediate metabolite in the glucuronic acid pathway and plays a role in the detoxification process of some drugs.
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D-glucuronic acid is widely distributed in plant and animal kingdom. D-glucuronic acid usually exists in combination with glycophenols, alcohol-based glycosides. Such glucuronides are formed in the liver to detoxify toxic hydroxy substances.
glucuronic acid is also widely used in medicine and health products. It can be used as an intermediate substance to synthesize calcium D-gluconate, D-glucose dicarboxylic acid 1, 4-lactone and L-ascorbic acid, which have anti-cancer effects, and can also be added to functional drinks as a food additive. Its advantage role is constantly being explored, there are huge potential economic benefits.
Glucuronolactone, also known as glucalactone, is a chemical component that enters the body and is catalyzed by enzymes to transform into glucuronic acid and play a role. Glucuronic acid has the function of liver protection and detoxification. Glucalactone may be used when the following indications are present:
1. liver disorders such as acute or chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis;
2. When mild poisoning occurs from the consumption of certain foods or drugs;
3. It can be used for auxiliary treatment when suffering from connective tissue diseases such as arthritis and rheumatism.
Physiological significance
Unbound bilirubin (also known as indirect bilirubin) is combined with glucuronic acid to produce bound bilirubin (also known as direct bilirubin), which has high solubility and low toxicity, and is mainly excreted through the biliary tract, and then absorbed into the blood with the small intestine and excreted through the kidney. Glucuronic acid produced by carbohydrate decomposition can be combined with many harmful substances in the liver to play a detoxification role.
The glucuronic acid pathway
The glucuronate pathway refers to the metabolic pathway through which glucose is eventually converted to xylulose through glucuronic acid derivatives, which only accounts for a small part of glucose metabolism. The metabolism of uronic acid is mainly carried out in the liver and red blood cells, and it is synthesized by uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG). On the other hand,UDPG is oxidized to uridine diphosphate glucu ronic acid (UDPGA) under the catalysis of UDPG dehydrogenase, and then through a series of reactions, xylulose 5-phosphate is formed and enters the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus constitute another pathway of carbohydrate catabolism. This pathway not only provides glucuronic acid, but also vitamin C, which is essential for cell metabolism. However, due to the lack of L-gulonolactone oxidase in humans and other primates and guinea pigs, vitamin C cannot be synthesized and must be taken from food.
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