Naringenin Overview
Naringenin (naringenin, 4',5,7-trihydroxydihydroflavone) is the naringenin glycoside, a monomer, a dihydroflavonoid, molecular formula for C15H12O5. Naringin is a rich source of glycosides (naringenin), mainly in the form of glycosides (naringenin) are widely used in the rue family of plants, such as tomatoes, grapefruit, oranges and mandarins in the peel and pulp, is also one of the main active ingredients of Chinese medicine, such as Citrus aurantium, Citrus sinensis, Citrus medicinal herbs, Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis and other traditional Chinese medicines. Naringin is one of the main active ingredients in Chinese medicine, such as Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis, Citrus aurantium dulcis and other traditional Chinese medicine, and is one of the main active ingredients in Chinese medicine such as Citrus medica. A large number of studies have shown that naringenin and its glycosides have a wide range of biological activities, with the promotion of gastrointestinal peristalsis, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerosis, hypolipidemic, sedative, analgesic, blood sugar regulation and other effects.
Extraction process of naringenin
Naringin generally exists in the form of naringin in the nature of Rosaceae, Rutaceae, citrus plants, the content is very low, but its source is wide, in the research and application of drugs have certain resource advantages. In recent years, the naringenin extraction, separation and purification process has made some progress, the use of supercritical CO2 extraction technology from the peach leaf extraction and separation of naringenin, the average yield of up to 2.18%, naringenin extract products with excellent quality, but the extract contains a large number of chlorophyll, resulting in the appearance of the product color is green, with a certain gap between the yellowish pure naringenin products, in order to improve product quality, the purification process of naringenin must be further developed. In addition, the use of organic solvent extraction method, first of all the peach leaf powder for coarse extraction to remove a large amount of chlorophyll, and then the peach leaf powder for the second extraction to extract naringenin the extraction process can not only obtain the chlorophyll products, but also to obtain a higher purity of naringenin products, spectrophotometric naringenin was measured as an average yield of 5.25%. Domestic scholars also use 70% ethanol to extract naringin from pomelo peel with high purity, naringin as raw material, by chemical cleavage, so that its glycosidic bond is cleaved down one by one, and then further isolation and purification, to obtain naringenin with high purity, the method greatly improved the yield of naringenin, but the process can be further optimized, such as more cost-effective microbial cleavage, enzyme cleavage, and other preparative processes.
Efficacy of Naringenin
1. Antibacterial
Staphylococcus aureus, colorectal, dysentery and typhoid bacillus have strong antibacterial effect. Naringin also has a role in fungi, 1000ppm sprayed on rice can reduce the infection of rice fungus 40-90%, and no toxicity to humans and livestock.
2.Anti-inflammatory
The daily intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg in rats significantly inhibited the inflammatory process caused by the implantation of wool balls.Galati et al. through the mouse ear slice experiments found that naringenin has anti-inflammatory effect in all dose groups, with the increase in dose, the anti-inflammatory effect is enhanced. The inhibition rate of the high dose group was 30.67% as indexed by thickness difference and about 38% as indexed by weight difference. After inducing 3-phase dermatitis in mice by the DNFB method, Feng Baomin et al. administered naringenin orally continuously from day 2 to day 8 to observe the inhibition rate of immediate phase (IPR), late phase (LPR), and very late phase (vLPR). Naringenin produced effective inhibition of ear rim swelling in IPR and vLPR, which has some development value in anti-inflammation.
3. Immunomodulation
Naringenin maintains the balance of moderate oxidative stress at specific times and in specific regions of the cell by regulating the flow of electrons in the mitochondria. Therefore, the immunomodulatory function of naringenin differs from the traditional simple immune-enhancer or immunosuppressant, which is characterized by the ability to restore the imbalance of the immune state (pathological state) to a state close to the normal immune balance (physiological state), rather than unidirectionally enhancing or inhibiting the immune response.
4.Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Effects
DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical) is a stable free radical, and its absorbance attenuation at 517 nm can be used to evaluate the scavenging ability of free radicals.Kroyer studied the antioxidant effect of naringenin experimentally, and confirmed that naringenin has an antioxidant effect. Zhang Haider et al. experimentally determined the process of lipid peroxidation occurring in LDL by colorimetric method, and the ability to inhibit the oxidative modification of LDL was determined. They also elaborated that naringenin mainly protects against lipid peroxidation of LDL by chelating Cu 2+ through its 3-position hydroxyl and 4-position carbonyl groups, either by providing protons for neutralization with free radicals or by its own oxidation. Zhang Haider et al. found that naringenin has good free radical scavenging effect by using DPPH method, and the free radical scavenging effect may be realized by naringenin's own hydrogen supply and oxidation. Peng Shuhui et al. used the experimental model of light-irradiated riboflavin (IR)-nitrotetrazolium chloride (NBT) spectrophotometry to demonstrate that naringenin had a significant scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) O2-, and the scavenging effect was stronger than that of the positive control ascorbic acid. The results of animal experiments show that naringenin has a strong inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in mouse brain, heart and liver tissues, and can significantly enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mouse whole blood.
5. Cardioprotection
Naringin, Naringin can increase the activity of acetaldehyde reductase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), reduce hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood and liver, increase the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), increase the ratio of HDLC to total cholesterol, and at the same time reduce the arteriosclerosis index, and promote the transport of cholesterol from blood plasma to liver and bile secretion and excretion, inhibit the conversion of HDL to VLDL or LDL, so naringin can reduce the chance of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Naringin can reduce the total cholesterol content in plasma and improve its metabolism.
6. Hypolipidemic effect
Zhang Haider et al. tested serum cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and other items in the veins of white mice after instillation of naringenin through animal experiments, and the experimental results show that under a certain dosage, naringenin can cause a significant decrease in serum TC, TG, LDL-C and a relative increase in serum HDL-C. indicating that naringenin has a hypolipidemic effect in mice.
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