Black pepper is one of the important medicinal materials used in traditional herbal medicine to treat many diseases. As early as the end of the 19th century, piperine, the main component of pepper, had been purified and synthesized, but there was little research on its pharmacological effects. With the development of modern pharmacological technology, the pharmacological effects of piperine have been further understood. They are summarized as follows: 1. The effect of piperine on the central nervous system. The chemical structure of piperine belongs to the cinnamic amide class.
Source: This product is the dried near-ripe or mature fruit of the piper plant Piper nigrum L. Harvested from late autumn to the following spring when the fruit is dark green, and dried in the sun, it becomes black pepper.
Harvesting and processing: Harvest from late autumn to the following spring when the fruits turn dark green and sun-dry.
Properties: Black pepper is spherical in shape, with a diameter of 3.5~5mm. The surface is dark brown with raised reticular wrinkles, small style remnants at the top, and scars from the fruit axis at the base. Hard in texture, the exocarp can be peeled off, and the endocarp is off-white or light yellow. The cross section is yellowish white, powdery, with small gaps in the middle. The aroma is aromatic and the taste is spicy.
Chemical ingredients: piperine (C17H19NO3), carminine (C17H19NO3), piperidine [(CH2)5NH] and piperidine (C19H21O3N), etc.
Nature, Taste: Spicy, acrid, hot.
Product specifications: Piperine ≥90%, 95%, 98%
Detection method: HPLC
Product properties: This product is white fine powder.
Physical and chemical properties: The pure product is colorless monoclinic columnar crystal, mp128-129.5℃. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol 1g/25ml, chloroform 1g/1.7ml, ether 1g/36ml, also soluble in benzene and acetic acid.
Product packaging: 1kg/bag; 25kg/cardboard drum; or can be packaged according to customer requirements.
Product storage: Store in a cool, dry place away from light and high temperatures.
Piperine extraction process:
1.Pepper and piperine
Pepper is often used for seasoning dishes and preserving items for storage. It has extremely high nutritional value and a variety of trace elements that are beneficial to the human body. The main ingredients include piperine, piperonine, piperonine and other alkaloids, as well as volatile oils and enols. The molecular formula of piperine is C17 H 19 NO3, which is one of the pungent volatile components in pepper. The melting point range is 130~133℃, easily soluble in acetic acid, benzene, ethanol and chloroform, and slightly soluble in ether.
2. Extraction method
2.1 Instruments and materials
The instruments used in this study selected Shimadzu LC-20AT high performance liquid chromatography system, rotary evaporator, centrifuge, ultrasonic cleaner and electronic balance. Materials include pepper, piperine reference substance, acetonitrile and other reagents.
2.2 Methanol extraction
All pepper raw materials were sun-dried and then crushed and sieved with 60 mesh. At the same time, the appropriate methanol concentration was selected for use in the orthogonal test. The methanol used was safely recovered after extraction for a certain period of time.
2.3 Orthogonal experimental design
This study selected relevant piperine component extraction literature, combined with actual experimental data, selected extraction times, practice, temperature, methanol concentration and other indicators, and used SPSS17.0 statistical software for data processing and orthogonal design. The details are shown in Table 1.
3 Results and analysis
3.1 Orthogonal test results
According to the orthogonal experimental design, the piperine extraction content was measured nine times according to the indicators in Table 1. The measurement results are shown in Table 2. At the same time, all evaluation indicators were included in the main effect, and the piperine content was used as the variable to obtain the variance analysis results. , the specific results are shown in Table 3.
From the analysis results and data of the orthogonal intersection experiment, it can be seen that there are significant differences in the purity of piperine under several combinations of conditions. Among them, the matching conditions with the highest piperine extraction purity are methanol concentration (%)/2 and the number of extraction times (times) /2, extraction time (h)/3, extraction temperature (℃)/2, that is, when the methanol concentration is 75%, the number of extractions is 3, the extraction time is 2h, and the extraction temperature is 80℃, the purity of piperine extraction is the highest.
3.2 Precipitation
Concentrate the selected extract into the extract, adjust the pH to 4, let it stand for 4 hours, then centrifuge and take out the supernatant. Adjust the pH to 11 again, let it stand for 4 hours, and then take out the supernatant. Recover the sediment.
3.3 Sample determination
After all the samples to be tested are dried, 0.1g is taken out and placed in a volumetric flask. Dissolved in ethanol, diluted and shaken well, the solution to be tested is made. The piperine content is calculated using high-performance liquid phase measurement.
Outlook
At this stage, most piperine is isolated and extracted from plants, and the output is relatively limited, and it cannot be truly industrialized. Therefore, artificial synthesis of piperine is a new direction worthy of research. In addition, piperine itself has many derivatives, which also have many pharmacological effects of piperine. On this basis, interchanges can be implemented based on functional effects to achieve the best results. Although piperine and its derivatives have many medicinal effects, there are still many undiscovered functions and side effects that require further research.
Application of piperine
1. Antioxidant
Enhance antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibit lipid peroxide accumulation.
2. Anti-inflammation
Inhibit inflammatory factors, maintain immune balance, and prevent excessive differentiation of T cells.
3. Antidepressant
Regulate neurohormone levels, enhance nerve regeneration and cell protection capabilities.
4. Improve metabolic syndrome
Prevent or improve hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance.
5. Protect the skeletal muscle system
Promote the differentiation of osteoblasts and promote bone mineralization.
Piperine can indeed improve the bioavailability of a variety of drugs, nutrients and other substances (such as hyacinine, quercetin, resveratrol, coenzyme Q10, vitamin B6, etc.), but its mechanism of action is currently It is not clear yet, but some scholars speculate that it may be by accelerating the absorption rate of these substances in the gastrointestinal tract, or by protecting the absorbed parts from being metabolized and decomposed by the liver. Of course, it is also possible, both.
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