ß-1,3-glucan

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About The Detailed Introduction Of Beta glucan 1,3?

β-1,3-glucan is a type of polymer polysaccharide widely found in nature. Its main chain is composed of glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds. Some natural β-1,3-glucans also contain branched chains linked by β-1,6-glycosidic bonds in varying proportions and sizes. Natural β-1,3-glucan is widely distributed in fungi, bacteria and plants. Due to the connection mode of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and the hydrogen bond interaction between molecules, long-chain β-1,3-glucan usually presents different helical tertiary structures in its natural state. These special tertiary structures The hierarchical structure endows β-1,3-glucan with diverse biological functions, including regulating immunity, promoting the proliferation of intestinal probiotics, regulating blood sugar balance, and lowering cholesterol. β-1,3-glucanase has wide application value in food and pharmaceutical fields

β-1,3-glucan is an original achievement achieved with the support of scientific research projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China. It is currently the only water-soluble β-1,3-glucan in the world that can be industrially produced. Due to its unique chemical structure and wide range of biological activities, it will gradually replace products such as yeast glucan and oat glucan, and some products for other uses may be developed. Our β-1,3-glucan has been widely used in the cosmetics industry, food industry, animal breeding industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc. for its properties of enhancing immune function, improving multiple skin functions, assisting in lowering blood sugar, lowering blood lipids, and improving gastrointestinal function. Each field has extensive application potential and market prospects.
Different from the traditional method of extracting β-1,3-glucan from shiitake mushrooms, yeast, oats, and highland barley, a new structure of water-soluble β-glucan patented product is produced after fermentation of sucrose. The stable purity of this product can reach up to 92%.

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What are the benefits?

1.Acting as a temporary barrier, locking in moisture and isolating damage, the macromolecule β-1,3 glucan can form a thin film on the surface of the skin to supplement the skin's barrier function, prevent skin moisture loss, and strengthen the skin's ability to resist exogenous mechanical and chemical stimulation.

After 12 hours in a silicone sealed container, the moisturizing rates of urea, chitosan, hyaluronic acid and β-glucan were 0.66%, 6.42%, 2.68% and 15.10% respectively.

2.Activate the immune system, promote wound healing, and eliminate inflammation. β-1,3 glucan can bind to Langerhans cell intracellular receptors to increase the activity of T cells and B cells, and affect interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis. The expression of factors promotes the phagocytosis ability of macrophages and the release and production of required cytokines to eliminate inflammation, accelerate wound healing, and repair damaged barriers.

In the wound model, the wound area ratio was 5.38% on day 12, and that of the control group was 24.76%. Compared with the control group, β-1,3 glucan significantly improved skin repair ability.

3.Scavenge free radicals and improve the skin's photoprotection ability. Beta-1,3 glucan can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in cells, thereby eliminating free radical attacks caused by ultraviolet rays and weakening ultraviolet rays on collagen in the skin. The destructive effect of fibers maintains the normal shape of the skin

The picture shows the histopathological changes of skin after ultraviolet irradiation

Classification and its catalytic mechanism

β-1,3-glucanase can be divided into two types: endo-type and exo-type according to its catalytic mode. Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (EC3.2.1.39), also known as laminarinase, is a type of enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes β-1 in β-1,3-glucan sugar chains. Enzymes with 3-glycosidic bonds play key biological functions in the decomposition and reconstruction of β-1,3-glucan in nature, and are of great significance in the β-1,3-glucan enzyme system. Endo-β-1,3-glucanase hydrolyzes β-1,3-glucan from the inside of the sugar chain to produce a series of oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization. Exo-β-1,3-glucanase (EC3.2.1.58) hydrolyzes the β-1,3-glucan substrate one by one from the non-reducing end of the sugar chain. The hydrolysis product is usually glucose or a single oligosaccharide. , plays an auxiliary role in the degradation process of β-1,3-glucan.

Based on their sequence evolutionary relationships and according to the classification of the CAZy database, the discovered β-1,3-glucanases can be attributed to 12 glycoside hydrolase (GH) families. Among them, endo-β-1,3-glucanases can belong to 9 GH families; exo-β-1,3-glucanases that have been discovered can belong to 6 GH families: GH3, GH5, and GH17. , GH55, GH128 and GH132.

β-1,3-glucanase has two hydrolysis mechanisms, namely retention mechanism and inversion mechanism. The catalytic process of the retention hydrolysis mechanism is divided into two steps. First, the glutamic acid residue in the active center acts as a generalized acid (proton donor), providing a proton to the glycosidic bond oxygen to cleave the leaving group, making β- The 1,3-glycosidic bond is broken and an enzyme-glycosyl intermediate is formed. Subsequently, the glutamic acid residue in the active center acts as a generalized base to assist water molecules in attacking the anomeric carbon position of the enzyme-glycosyl intermediate. Finally, the β-1,3-glycosidic bond of the substrate is hydrolyzed to form the final hydrolyzate. The inversion mechanism of β-1,3-glucanase involves two conserved catalytic residues, which are a generalized acid and a generalized base. During the reaction, the generalized acid first provides a proton to the anomeric carbon of the substrate, and at the same time, the generalized base removes a proton from the water molecule, increasing its nucleophilicity and promoting its attack on the center of the anomeric substance, thus breaking the sugar bond. break, producing hydrolysis products

Applications of β-1,3-glucanase

1. Application in antifungal

Problems such as rot and deterioration of fruits and vegetables during post-harvest transportation, storage and sales are important factors affecting the quality, storage life and safety of human consumption of fruits and vegetables. Spoilage caused by phytopathogenic fungi is the main cause of postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables. β-1,3-glucanase is an important antibacterial protein secreted by biocontrol microorganisms. Plants themselves also induce the production of β-1,3-glucanase during the process of resisting fungal infection. β-1,3-glucanase can degrade the β-1,3-glucan sugar chain of the cell wall, causing the hyphae of pathogenic bacteria to break or become deformed, causing the protoplasm of the pathogenic fungi to leak, and inhibiting the germination of its spores. Biological control methods based on β-1,3-glucanase can effectively prevent and control plant fungal diseases. They have the advantages of not developing drug resistance, only targeting target pathogenic bacteria without harming other beneficial organisms, no pesticide residues, non-toxicity and no pollution. Therefore, exploring the role of β-1,3-glucanase in post-harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables and developing new green biopreservatives based on β-1,3-glucanase are potential development trends in green fruit and vegetable preservation technology. one.
2. Preparation of functional oligosaccharides

β-1,3-glucose oligosaccharide, also known as laminaria oligosaccharide, is a food functional factor with good biological activity. It has the activity of regulating the body's immunity, anti-infection, and regulating the balance of intestinal flora. β-1,3-gluco-oligosaccharide prepared from the hydrolysis of codranan or laminarin can be used as a new type of prebiotic in the development of functional foods. In addition, some soluble β-1,3-oligosaccharides with small molecular weight can act as immune activators to induce immune responses in plants, thereby improving plant disease resistance. β-1,3-glucanase hydrolyzes β-1,3-glucan to prepare β-1,3-oligosaccharides, which has the advantages of strong specificity and low by-products, and is considered to be a promising method. Oligosaccharide production methods.
3. Application in brewing industry

In addition to its important role in antifungal and oligosaccharide preparation, β-1,3-glucanase can also be used in the brewing industry. In the brewing industry, barley is the main raw material for the production of beer. During the production and processing process, certain microorganisms secrete extracellular high-polymer β-1,3-glucan, which increases the viscosity of the fermentation broth, making it difficult to filter. Ultimately, A flocculent gel may form in the beer, reducing beer yield and increasing brewing costs.

4. Preparation of Yeast Protoplasts

The main chemical component of the yeast cell wall is β-glucan. One type is β-1,3-glucan that constitutes the skeleton of the yeast cell wall and is abundant in content. The other type is smaller in content and plays a filling role. Beta-1,6-glucan. The key to preparing yeast protoplasts is to decompose insoluble β-1,3-glucan in the cell wall, so β-1,3-glucanase is an important preparation for preparing protoplasts.
5. Remove biofilm

Biofilm refers to a composite tissue composed of microorganisms and their extracellular secretions. Key spoilage bacteria in food such as Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas will produce biofilm. Biofilm will weaken the bactericidal effect of commonly used disinfectants and antibiotics, causing potential food safety risks. As one of the important components of Candida biofilm, β-1,3-glucan plays an important role in the process of drug resistance in the extracellular matrix. β-1,3-glucanase has a certain effect in removing biofilm and can play a certain role in controlling spoilage bacteria in the food industry.
6. Synergy with chitinase

Both β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase have the function of degrading fungal cell wall β-1,3-glucan and chitin as well as peptidoglycan. Both of them have broad spectrum in defense against plant diseases and insect pests. Resistance can reduce the use of chemical pesticides and reduce environmental pollution.

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