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What is Tremella Polysaccharide?
Tremella Polysaccharide is an acidic heteropolysaccharide obtained from the fruiting body of Tremella fuciformis Berk. Its main chain structure consists of mannan linked by α-(1→3) glycosidic bonds, and its side chains are composed of glucuronic acid and xylose. Acidic heteropolysaccharides present in the deep fermentation sporophytes of Tremella fuciformis have a similar main chain structure, differing only in their side chains. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide is a polysaccharide obtained from the deep cultivation of Tremella fuciformis (a subclass of Basidiomycetes). It is an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of xylose, mannose, fucose, glucose, glucuronic acid, etc., with a sugar content of over 75%. In addition to the polysaccharide, the preparation also contains a white powder of spores. It is soluble in hot water but insoluble in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide is an immune enhancer, which can improve the body's immune function and increase white blood cell count.
Composition of Tremella Polysaccharides
Tremella polysaccharides (TP) are the main active components of Tremella fuciformis, derived from heteropolysaccharides isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies and deep fermentation spores of Tremella fuciformis cells. Its main chain is composed of α-(1-3)-glycosidic bonds forming mannopolysaccharides, with side chains composed of glucose, xylose, fucose, and common uronic acid residues linked at positions 2, 4, and 6. The active center is the common structural part of α-(1-3)-mannopolysaccharides. Tremella polysaccharides include five types: acidic heteropolysaccharides, neutral heteropolysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides, extracellular polysaccharides, and acidic oligosaccharides. They do not contain nucleic acids or proteins.
1. Acidic Heteropolysaccharides
These account for approximately 70%-75% of the total polysaccharides in Tremella fuciformis. They are polymers mainly composed of xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid, with a small amount of fucose.
2. Neutral Heteropolysaccharides
These comprise approximately 20% of the total polysaccharides in *Tremella fuciformis*, and are polymers of xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose.
3. Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Two cell wall polysaccharides were isolated from the cell walls of *Tremella fuciformis*. One is an acidic polysaccharide produced from the outer layer of the cell wall, composed of D-glucose, chemicalbook uronic acid, D-mannose, and D-xylose in a molar ratio of 0.5:3.8:1.0. The main chain consists of mannose linked at (1-3) positions, with branched sugar chains at the 2-position. These branches contain short side chains of D-xylose, D-mannose, and glucuronic acid. The other is a basic polysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid, D-mannose, and D-xylose in a molar ratio of 4.3:0.6:2.5:1.0.
4. Extracellular Polysaccharides
Two polysaccharides were isolated from the culture media of *Tremella fuciformis* strains T-19 and T-7. Both polysaccharides contain D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose, and D-mannose, as well as small amounts of L-fucose and O-acetyl groups. The structure is based on α-(1-3) linked mannose as the main chain, with branches at C-2. These branches contain β-D-glucuronic acid and single or short β-(1-2) linked D-xylose. L-fucose may also form a single branch.
5. Acidic Oligosaccharides
In further demonstrating the structures of the acidic heteropolysaccharides AC and BC in the fruiting bodies, three homogeneous acidic oligosaccharides (H-1, H-2, and H-3) were isolated using acidic hydrolysis.
Test report
Functional Characteristics
1. Processing Characteristics in Food Production: Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides contain a relatively high proportion of homogeneous polysaccharides (approximately 70%-75% of the total polysaccharides). These polysaccharides increase solution viscosity and provide emulsifying stability. Therefore, their application in the processing of beverages, dairy products, and cold drinks not only imparts excellent processing characteristics to the food but also reduces the use of synthetic additives and improves the nutritional value of the food.
2. Processing Characteristics in Cosmetic Production: Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides possess a certain ability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals and can be used as an anti-aging ingredient in cosmetics. Lipofuscin is a pigment containing lipids and proteins, yellowish-brown in color, and exists in aging cells in a granular form. Lipofuscin deposition in the cells of various tissues and organs of the human body leads to slowed cell metabolism and decreased activity, thereby causing organ dysfunction and aging.
3. Health and Medical Benefits of Tremella Polysaccharides: The composition of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides is diverse, not only in terms of monomers but also in the configuration and conformation of the polymers formed; the mixture of various polysaccharides also results in diverse biological activities. Modern research has fully confirmed that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide has multiple health benefits, summarized as follows:
(1) Immunomodulatory effects: Over the years, scientists have discovered that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide participates in the regulation of various cellular life phenomena, such as the transmission and sensing of information between immune cells, activation of immune cells, and enhancement of the body's immune function. Through this participation, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can not only exert anti-tumor effects by enhancing the host's immune function, but also directly kill tumor cells by acting directly on tumor cells or inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
(2) Hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects: Studies have shown that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can regulate the activity of glucose metabolism enzymes, promote insulin secretion from the pancreas to inhibit gluconeogenesis, and promote the utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, thereby achieving a hypoglycemic effect. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can promote cholesterol excretion by binding and adsorbing lipids in the blood, blocking their enterohepatic circulation, thus achieving a lipid-lowering effect.
(3) Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: Studies have shown that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can significantly prolong the formation time of thrombi, reduce platelet adhesion rate and blood viscosity, thereby achieving a prevention and treatment effect of cardiovascular diseases.
(4) Anti-ulcer effect: Tremella polysaccharide can significantly inhibit the formation of stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats and promote the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers, without affecting gastric acid secretion or pepsin activity. In a clinical observation of 124 cases of duodenal ulcers treated with Tremella polysaccharide, the short-term effective rate reached 98.6%, and the short-term healing rate reached 79.03%.
(5) Anticoagulant and wound healing promotion effects: Tremella polysaccharide can exert an anticoagulant effect by affecting the intrinsic coagulation system and prolonging partial thrombin time. Furthermore, Tremella polysaccharide has a protective effect on wounds in tested rats, preventing infection and allowing wounds to proceed smoothly along physiological repair pathways, thus achieving primary healing.
Cosmetic Efficacy
Strong Moisturizing Properties
Tremella polysaccharide can be considered a plant-derived hyaluronic acid-like substance. It can increase the water concentration on the skin surface, forming an inward gradient; on the other hand, it forms a hydrophobic barrier to reduce transepidermal water evaporation, thereby increasing the skin surface moisture content and also forming an inward gradient for reabsorption. After being absorbed by the stratum corneum, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide directly or indirectly affects the water exchange characteristics of proteins or lipids within the stratum corneum.
Improved Skin Texture
After cleansing the skin surface, it is necessary to replenish the skin with moisture and nutrients in time. Through comparative experiments, long-term use of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can improve skin hydration, increase skin elasticity, and smoothness.
Skin Barrier Repair
Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can effectively activate keratinocytes, promote keratinocyte proliferation, normalize epidermal metabolism, repair damaged barriers, regulate skin barrier function, and resist pathogens and external stimuli.
Antioxidant Properties
Experimental method: The scavenging effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide solution on .OH, DPPH, and O2- free radicals was determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Conclusion: Tremella polysaccharide has significant scavenging effects on .OH, DPPH and O2- free radicals, and is an effective antioxidant with certain anti-skin aging effects.
Applications
Based on the diverse bioactivities of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides, researchers have explored their practical applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Some of these studies have already translated into actual products available on the market.
1. Food Applications
As a bioactive macromolecule, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides are widely used in food, serving as a food fortifier, anticoagulant, emulsifier, and thickener. Examples include instant products such as Tremella fuciformis and red date soup, instant Tremella fuciformis milk powder, instant Tremella fuciformis soy milk powder, and instant Tremella fuciformis oatmeal, utilizing the good rehydration properties of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides; and products such as Tremella fuciformis noodles, Tremella fuciformis biscuits, Tremella fuciformis yogurt, and Tremella fuciformis jelly, utilizing the thickening and emulsifying properties of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides. These products are all made by adding Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides as a raw material, using special processes and methods to create foods with certain health benefits.
2. Cosmetics and Beauty Products
Tremella polysaccharides not only promote the body's immune function but also have anti-aging and antioxidant effects. Therefore, they are often used in high-end cosmetics as a moisturizing and whitening agent. There are four main categories of cosmetics and beauty products on the market that use Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides as a raw material: hydrating masks, nourishing creams, beauty oral liquids, and slimming capsules. "Tremella fuciformis hydrating masks" are made from Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides, combined with other active ingredients according to different functional needs, and have moisturizing effects. "Tremella fuciformis nourishing cream" uses Tremella fuciformis extract and hydrolyzed pearl liquid as main ingredients, and has the effects of moisturizing and promoting skin regeneration, delaying skin aging, and increasing skin cell vitality. Tremella fuciformis beauty oral liquid uses high-molecular-weight heteropolysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis as a raw material, and has good effects on promoting bowel movements, improving constipation, and aiding weight loss.
3. Pharmaceuticals
Due to the complex structure and diverse types of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides, their bioactive mechanisms, efficacy factors, and dose-effect and structure-activity relationships are not yet fully understood, posing many challenges to the specific research and application of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides in medicine. Therefore, the development of pharmaceutical products using Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides is still in its early stages, and there are not many related products on the market. The main related products on the market include "Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide capsules" and "Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide enteric-coated capsules," which are produced using Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides extracted through deep fermentation of Tremella fuciformis strains as the main raw material. These products have the effects of increasing white blood cell count, resisting radiation damage, and improving the body's immune function. They can be used for leukopenia caused by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or other reasons, and can also be used as an adjunct treatment for radiation damage.
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