Grape Skin Polyphenols

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Grape skin polyphenols mainly include a variety of compounds with antioxidant properties, among which the most famous is resveratrol. The content of these polyphenols in grape skin is relatively high, accounting for 25-50% of the total phenols in grapes. Resveratrol not only has antioxidant effects, but also can protect the cardiovascular system and has anti-cancer ability. In addition, grape skin is also rich in cellulose, including polysaccharides, lignin and nitrogen-containing substances. These fibers help promote gastrointestinal motility and food digestion and absorption. Grape skin polyphenols, mostly known as grape proanthocyanidins abroad, are a natural plant polyphenol found in grapes and are rich in grape skins and seeds. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on GPC, confirming that GPC has a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-free radical damage, anti-radiation and cardiovascular protection.

Antioxidant effect
GPC has multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized to release H+, competitively bind to free radicals and oxides, protect lipids, and block free radical chain reactions.
GPC has extremely strong antioxidant activity and is a good free radical scavenger and lipid peroxidation inhibitor. Merfort used luminol chemiluminescence to study the scavenging effect of GPC on free radicals produced during the respiratory burst of neutrophils. The results showed that GPC has strong anti-superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities, with IC50 of 10μg/ml and 16μg/ml, respectively. Pietta selected 11 kinds of botanicals to study their antioxidant activity and compared their total antioxidant capacity. The results showed that GPC had the strongest antioxidant activity and was positively correlated with the polyphenol content. Zhong Jinyi et al. used chemiluminescence to determine the scavenging effect of GPC on hydroxyl radicals (OH) produced by the Fenton system and superoxide anions (O2-) produced by pyrogallol autooxidation. The results showed that at a dose of 1 to 1000 mg/L, there was an obvious dose-effect relationship. Bagchi[5] found that GPC's ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals is much higher than that of vitamins E and C.
Plumb used HPLC, LCI-MS and other methods to separate GPC components and studied the antioxidant activity of different components. He found that in the lipid phase, the antioxidant activity gradually decreased with the increase of polymerization degree, while in the liquid phase, the antioxidant activity gradually increased from monomer to trimer, and then gradually decreased from trimer to decamer. Gallic acid esterification and glycosylation also affected its antioxidant activity to varying degrees. Cheynier analyzed the structure-activity relationship of GPC oligomers isolated and extracted from grape seeds. The dimers B1 to B2 were connected by C4→C8 bonds, B5 to B8 were connected by C4→C6 bonds, and the six trimers were connected by C4→C8 and C4→C6 bonds. These configurations affected the free radical capture and antioxidant capacity. In addition, it was found that esterification can improve the ability and efficiency of capturing free radicals.
GPC has a stronger antioxidant and free radical scavenging effect than vitamin C and vitamin E, mainly through the following four mechanisms: GPC has a "catechol" structure and is a strong metal ion chelator, which can bind and reduce the iron ion level required for the production of reactive oxygen free radicals in Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions; GPC is a strong scavenger of superoxide anions and hydroxyl free radicals, which cause damage to DNA and other intracellular molecules and lipid peroxidation; GPC can cause DNA damage and gene expression changes caused by reactive oxygen free radicals; GPC can enhance the activity of SOD and glutathione-S-transferase.

Cardiovascular protection
GPC has a hypotensive effect and myocardial protective effect. Facino's experiment found that GPC can reduce myocardial damage after ischemia in rats and reduce the sensitivity of the heart to ischemia-reperfusion injury. This effect is related to its ability to improve plasma antioxidant capacity. Blaszo et al. found that intravenous injection of GPC into SD rats can significantly reduce blood pressure. GPC can treat spontaneous hypertension in rats in a dose-response relationship. Its antihypertensive effect is due to GPC's non-competitive inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) system.
GPC's protective effect on vascular endothelial cells. In the experiment, GPC and calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells were pre-cultured to antagonize tBHP-induced oxidative damage to vascular endothelial cells, significantly improve cell survival rate, reduce LDH release, and reduce MDA production. Grape polyphenols can have a strong inhibitory effect on collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, etc. These enzymes can damage important components of the inner wall of blood vessels such as collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Grape polyphenols can protect vascular substances by capturing reactive oxygen and regulating the activity of the above enzymes, and can also protect vascular substances by inhibiting enzyme activity. In short, GPC can protect vascular endothelial cells from the harm of peroxidation through various complementary mechanisms.
Grape polyphenols have the effect of lowering blood lipids and inhibiting LDL oxidation. Studies have found that GPC not only has an antioxidant effect, protecting lipoproteins from oxidative damage, but also inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and platelet aggregation (both of which are the main pathological factors of atherosclerosis). The antioxidant activity is correlated with the GPC content (r=0.72). The role of red wine in preventing cardiovascular disease is determined by its polyphenol components. The polyphenols in red wine play an important role in protecting LDL from oxidative damage. Epidemiological surveys of the population in the Mediterranean region found that drinking wine can reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Anti-radiation effect
Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of work on the research and product development and application of GPC's anti-radiation effect, especially on ultraviolet damage. Lavola et al. found that GPC has a protective effect against ultraviolet rays. Zhong Jinyi et al. [11-12] conducted an in vitro experiment on the protection of GPC against DNA damage in human blood leukocytes and an in vivo experiment on the protection of mice against acute and subchronic radiation damage. The results showed that GPC had an inhibitory effect on radiation damage such as decreased peripheral blood leukocyte count, decreased immune function, chromosome aberration and DNA damage caused by acute and subacute 60Co-γ rays, indicating that GPC has good anti-radiation biological activity, and its mechanism may be related to scavenging endogenous free radicals generated by radiation and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Antimicrobial effect
Salawu et al. found that GPC extracted from grapes and wine can inhibit bacterial growth. Andebrhan found that GPC can inhibit the growth of pathogen spores, and the activity of each component is as follows: 5-8mers>3-5mers>B2, B5>Cat Ec Chatonnet. It is reported that when Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, etc. are cultured in a culture medium containing a certain amount of GPC or directly inoculated in red wine, the volatile phenols synthesized by these bacteria with foul odors are greatly reduced. Amouroux reported that GPC polymers have antiviral effects in vitro, and experiments have confirmed that GPC has a protective effect on persistent skin damage caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV).

Anti-angioedema
Studies have found that GPC can dose-dependently inhibit rat paw edema caused by carrageenan and ear edema caused by croton oil. GPC can inhibit the activity of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Experiments have confirmed that the hydroxyl group on the B ring is the main active group with anti-inflammatory activity. Some scholars used croton oil to induce mouse ear edema, and intraperitoneal injection and oral administration of GPC can play a good inhibitory effect, and there is a certain dose-effect relationship. This anti-inflammatory effect is positively correlated with the ability to scavenge free radicals (r=0.992). Robak's study believes that the anti-inflammatory activity of GPC is related to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities. Saito observed the anti-ulcer activity of GPC in rats in vivo and found that GPC 200mg/ml can effectively prevent the damage of 60% ethanol and 150mmol/L HCL to the gastric mucosa. As the degree of polymerization of GPC increases, its protective effect increases. The anti-ulcer effect of GPC may prevent the damage of ethanol/HCL to the gastric mucosa by free radical capture, and it is also related to its tight binding with proteins to form a protective film on the surface of the gastric mucosa.

Promote cell proliferation
In 1999, Takahashi first reported that grape polyphenols extracted from grape seeds can promote the growth of mouse hair epidermal cells in vitro. In vivo experiments have shown that grape polyphenols have the effect of stimulating hair growth and accelerating the hair growth cycle, among which dimers and trimers have stronger effects than monomers. After shaving the mouse hair, 1% OPC was applied topically, and it was observed that OPC can significantly promote hair regeneration in the late stage of hair growth. In vivo and in vitro experiments have confirmed that OPC has the activity of promoting hair growth, suggesting that grape polyphenols have potential uses in promoting hair growth. Zhong Jinyi et al. observed the effect of GPC on the proliferation activity of normal vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow cells, pancreatic cells, etc. in the experiment. The results of MTT method and cell counting method confirmed that GPC can increase their proliferation activity and promote cell division.
In short, the efficacy of grape polyphenols is extensive, and people are increasingly studying it. Further research on the mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship of grape polyphenols will make grape polyphenols play an increasingly important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Grapes contain a considerable amount of polyphenols, so their extracts have obvious antioxidant effects; after fermentation into wine, the polyphenol content is higher, the composition is more stable, and the antioxidant capacity is greatly improved. There are more than 50 polyphenol compounds in red wine, which is the substance with the most antioxidants and the widest antioxidant range found. Antioxidants have strong antioxidant properties and can help prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The change in the properties of LDL due to the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is an important factor in promoting atherosclerosis. Oxidation affects the apolipoprotein of LDL, changes the physiological and chemical properties of LDL, and thus the oxidized LDL loses the property of being recognized by specific receptors and cannot undergo normal catabolism.

YTBIO mainly supplies Grape skin polyphenols etc. The company was established in 2014 and has many years of R&D and production experience. We are committed to the research and development, production and sales of raw materials for the 21st century health industry. The certificates obtained so far include ISO9001, ISO22000, HALAL, KOSHER, HACCP, FDA,etc. We always maintain the highest requirements for product quality.

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