Sarsasapogenin

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sarsasapogenin,From Shennong's Herbal Classic. Also known as ground ginseng, sheep's beard root, and earth dragon. It is the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. of the Liliaceae family. . Bitter, cold. Enters the lung, stomach, and kidney meridians. Clears away heat and purges fire, nourishes yin and moistens dryness, quenches thirst and relieves restlessness. Treats high fever due to fever, restlessness and thirst, cough and asthma, dry cough, constipation, bone steaming and tidal fever, insomnia due to deficiency, thirst, and stranguria. Decoction: 6-12g. This product contains a variety of Anemarrhena saponins (Timosaponin), as well as mangoside, isomangoside, tannic acid, etc. It also contains sarsaponin, marcosaponin, diosgenin, baohuoside, icariin, Anemarrhena saponins I-IV, etc. The rhizome contains Anemarrhena polysaccharides A to D, cis-cypress resin phenol, xanthone-C-glycoside, β-sitosterol, nicotinic acid, etc. The extract has an antipyretic effect on rabbits, and the decoction has an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus, dysentery, typhoid, Escherichia coli and common skin fungi in vitro. The extract Anemarrhena sapogenin has an inhibitory effect on human tuberculosis. The water extract has a hypoglycemic effect on experimental diabetes in rabbits and mice. This product can protect the body's adrenal cortex from inhibition by exogenous cortical hormones. Anemarrhena has a bidirectional regulatory effect on the animal adrenergic and cholinergic nervous systems, and can also inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase activity, antagonize the effects of dexamethasone on rabbit plasma hormones, resist platelet aggregation, and inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase activity.

1. Preventive and therapeutic effects on Alzheimer's disease

The decrease in the density of cholinergic M receptors in brain tissue is closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and the number of N receptors is closely related to the learning and memory function of the brain. Anemarrhena saponins can increase the density of M1 receptors in the brain of dementia model rats, significantly enhance their learning and memory abilities, and play a certain preventive and therapeutic role in the progressive degeneration of the cholinergic system function of Alzheimer's disease. Experiments have shown that total saponins of Anemarrhena asphodeloides can significantly increase the number of N receptors in the brain of aging rats, and total saponins of Anemarrhena asphodeloides can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the rat brain cortex after absorption and transformation in rats, thereby playing a role in improving intelligence and resisting Alzheimer's disease. Anemarrhena saponins A-Ⅲ mainly improve the learning and memory disorders of mice by inhibiting the expression of acetylcholinesterase and inflammatory factors. Some studies have also suggested that Anemarrhena saponins play a role in improving learning and memory disorders through antioxidant effects. In addition, studies have shown that Anemarrhena saponins B can maintain the normal structure and function of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein, thereby achieving the purpose of treating Alzheimer's disease. At the same time, studies have shown that timosaponin B-Ⅱ can improve learning and memory disorders by increasing the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In short, a large number of studies have confirmed that timosaponins and their aglycones have a good effect on improving the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease through different pathways of action.

2. Protective effect on cerebral ischemia

The preventive and therapeutic effect of timosaponin as the main agent on Alzheimer's disease in rats with cerebral ischemia. The decrease in the density of cholinergic M receptors in brain tissue is closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and the number of N receptors is closely related to the learning and memory function of the brain. Timosaponin can increase the density of M1 receptors in the brain of dementia model rats, and its learning and memory ability is significantly enhanced, which plays a certain preventive and therapeutic role in the progressive degeneration of the cholinergic system function of Alzheimer's disease. Experiments show that total saponins of timosaponins can significantly increase the number of N receptors in the brain of aging rats, and total saponins of timosaponins can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the rat brain cortex after absorption and transformation in rats, thereby playing a role in improving intelligence and resisting Alzheimer's disease. Studies have also shown that Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ improves learning and memory disorders in mice mainly by inhibiting the expression of acetylcholinesterase and inflammatory factors. Some studies have also suggested that Anemarrhena saponin plays a role in improving learning and memory disorders through antioxidant effects. In addition, studies have shown that Anemarrhena saponin B can inhibit the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein and maintain the normal structure and function of hippocampal neurons, thereby achieving the purpose of treating Alzheimer's disease. At the same time, studies have shown that Anemarrhena saponin B-Ⅱ can improve learning and memory disorders by increasing the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In short, a large number of studies have confirmed that Anemarrhena saponin and its aglycones have a good effect on improving Alzheimer's symptoms through different pathways of action

3. Anticoagulant effect

Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ and Marco saponin have an inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation. Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and thrombosis in rats both in vivo and in vitro, but does not affect the coagulation time in vivo, which indicates that Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ may only affect platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation, but has no effect on various coagulation factors and blood cell factors in the blood. When Anemarrhena saponin B was first isolated, it was found to have an inhibitory effect on rabbit platelet aggregation. The research team also found that Anemarrhena saponin Ⅰ, Ⅰa, B-Ⅰ, B-Ⅱ, B-Ⅲ, A-Ⅲ, E1 and E2 all have a significant inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, and this effect increases with the increase of saponin concentration, but Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ has a strong hemolytic effect on human red blood cells, Anemarrhena saponin Ⅰa has a slight hemolytic effect, and other saponins do not have this effect, and the strength of saponin anti-platelet aggregation and hemolytic effect is related to the group connected to the C-22 position. Recently, it was found that smilax china sapogenin and diosgenin also showed certain anticoagulant activity in vitro by inhibiting the expression of tissue factor.

4. Antioxidant effect

Anemarrhena saponins Ⅰ, Ⅰa, B-Ⅱ and B-Ⅲ all inhibited the peroxides induced by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and arachidonic acid (AA), and the intensity of this effect was proportional to the concentration, but enhanced the peroxides induced by porphyrinol myristate acetate (PMA). Anemarrhena saponin B-Ⅰ only enhanced the peroxides induced by fMLP, but had little effect on the peroxides induced by the other two. Anemarrhena saponin A-Ⅲ enhanced the peroxides induced by PMA and significantly inhibited the peroxides induced by AA. Anemarrhena saponins E1 and E2 significantly inhibited the peroxides induced by fMLP and enhanced the peroxides induced by PMA, but had no effect on the peroxides induced by AA. Studies have also shown that timosaponin B-Ⅱ has a significant antioxidant effect on primary rat neurons cultured in vitro. Since timosaponin has an inhibitory effect on the production of peroxides, it may also have an anti-inflammatory effect. Experiments have shown that timosaponin has the effect of scavenging oxygen free radicals, making the intracellular redox reaction in a dynamic balance, thereby improving the metabolism of free radicals in the brain and protecting the brain from peroxidation damage caused by chronic stress.

5. Anti-tumor effect

Timosaponin can inhibit the gene expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in newborn rats and prolong the survival of nude mice transfected with human liver cancer cells. In recent years, the anti-tumor activity of timosaponin has received increasing attention. Diosgenin has a significant inhibitory effect on sarcoma, ascites-type liver cancer and cervical cancer in mice, and also has a significant inhibitory effect on mouse lung epithelial cancer cells, human cervical cancer cells and human breast cancer cells in vitro. The biological activities of smilax sapogenin, isosmilax sapogenin and diosgenin on human 1547 bone tumor cells were investigated, and it was found that they can cause apoptosis and growth cycle arrest of tumor cells. Smilax sapogenin can induce apoptosis of human liver tumor cells HepG2. The mechanism of action is that it causes a transient surge in mitochondrial reactive oxygen in tumor cells, interrupting the cell growth cycle.
6. Anti-osteoporosis effect

Retinoic acid can cause osteoporosis mainly caused by bone loss in mice. Smilax sapogenin can counteract the reduction of mouse femoral transverse diameter, bone mineral and bone collagen caused by retinoic acid, increase estradiol and osteocalcin values, and reduce alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels, thereby having a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in mice caused by retinoic acid. Its mechanism may be related to slowing down the decrease of estrogen levels and inhibiting high bone turnover. Further experiments showed that timosaponin can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts cultured in vitro, have no significant effect on differentiated and mature osteoclasts, but can inhibit the differentiation of bone marrow cells into osteoclasts. Continuous administration of timosaponin to the ovariectomy-induced bone loss rat model for 12 weeks can significantly enhance the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase in rats, while reducing serum osteocalcin concentration and inhibiting the decrease in bone mineral density. It has a significant osteogenesis-promoting effect on the rat model, but does not affect the number of osteoclasts. This fully demonstrates that timosaponin prevents bone loss caused by ovariectomy by promoting bone formation rather than inhibiting bone resorption. Another experiment also showed that timosaponin B-Ⅱ can not only increase the bone mineral density of ovariectomized rats, but also promote bone formation.

7. Anti-inflammatory effect

Experiments have shown that Anemarrhena saponin B-Ⅱ has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. It can inhibit the production of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at the mRNA and protein expression levels, and inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPkinase). Therefore, inhibiting the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and inhibiting the activation of p38MAPkinase are its possible mechanisms of action. At the same time, it was found that Anemarrhena saponin B also has anti-inflammatory effects, and the action pathway is the same as that of Anemarrhena saponin B-Ⅱ. Studies have shown that Anemarrhena saponin can also reduce the number of white blood cells and neutrophils in the blood in model rats, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

8. Antihypertensive effect

After acting on vascular endothelial cells, the expression of angiotensinogen gene, adrenaline α2A receptor gene and endothelin converting enzyme-1 gene were all downregulated to varying degrees, thereby regulating the function of vascular endothelial cells to achieve the effect of lowering blood pressure. There are also studies reporting that timosaponins and their aglycones can normalize the pathologically elevated β-adrenaline receptor levels in animal models, and this effect is unrelated to glucocorticoids and their receptors. Studies have shown that timosaponin A-Ⅲ can antagonize vasoconstriction caused by phenylephrine, which may be due to its promotion of calcium ion influx into vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, leading to increased NO release. Timosaponins have the effect of inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and promoting their apoptosis, and the mechanism of action is also dependent on the NO pathway.

9. Hypoglycemic effect

Timosaponin A-Ⅲ can reduce the blood glucose level of alloxan-induced diabetic mouse model in a dose-dependent manner. Its mechanism of action may be to inhibit the decomposition or dysgenesis of glycogen in the liver. The effects of Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponins on glucose tolerance and fasting blood sugar in normal mice and diabetic mice showed that Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponins had no hypoglycemic effect on normal mice, but could make the glucose tolerance curve flat. It could significantly improve the glucose tolerance of diabetic mice and reduce the fasting blood sugar of experimental diabetic mice, thus playing a certain hypoglycemic effect.

10. Hypolipidemic effect

Quails were fed with a high-fat diet to establish a hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis model. Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponins were continuously administered by gavage for 2 weeks, which could significantly reduce serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein levels, increase the ratio of high-density lipoprotein to total cholesterol, reduce plaque area, and reduce the degree of atherosclerosis, showing a significant inhibitory effect on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. The study also showed that after gavage of Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponins to SD rats modeled with a high-fat diet for 30 days, Anemarrhena asphodeloides saponins could significantly enhance the activity of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver of hyperlipidemia rats and accelerate the clearance of low-density lipoprotein in the blood, thereby playing a role in regulating blood lipid levels.

YTBIO mainly supplies sarsasapogenin etc. The company was established in 2014 and has many years of R&D and production experience. We are committed to the research and development, production and sales of raw materials for the 21st century health industry. The certificates obtained so far include ISO9001, ISO22000, HALAL, KOSHER, HACCP, FDA,etc. We always maintain the highest requirements for product quality.

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